Pathological Effects and Management Protocols of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which manifested with low insulin production as well as insulin resistance resulting from genetic and environmental factors. It is one of the most rapidly growing diseases globally and poses a primary risk to global health. Over the past 30 years, the world has shown a continuous elevation in incidence of DM; especially in developing countries with the fastest growth in North Africa and the Middle East have the second maximum rate of diabetes. In T1DM, the individual body is no longer making insulin or in enough amount because the immune system has destructed and destroyed the pancreatic beta cells responsible for making the insulin. The exact reason for this pattern of diabetes is unrevealed, and almost all persons who experience this chronic illness do not realize how to manage it. T2DM is one of most prevalent diseases consisting of about 90–95% of all diabetes cases. T2DM is becoming more commonplace because of the excess obesity in the population. T2DM patients are mainly characterized as being overweight or existence of greater amount of body fats that mostly found in abdomen, at which situation, several inflammatory mechanisms, fatty substance elevates insulin resistance, for instance, free fatty acids delivered with adipocyte disorganizing. Primary driver for epidemically prevalence of T2DM is a worldwide elevation in obesity, style way of living, high-calorie food, and ageing of individuals. Interactions between risk factors and genetic inheritance are complicated to cause T2DM, such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle, hypo insulin secretion, increased lipolysis, and increased reabsorption of glucose from the kidney, and dysregulated glucose uptake, neurotransmitter imbalance, and increased production of liver glucose. Achieving good metabolic control and long-term maintenance of diabetes requires a combination of lifestyle changes and medications are necessary to achieving near-normal hemoglobin glycosides significantly and risk of macrovascular and microvascular problems will decrease