Diagnosis Infection of Salmonella Typhi

Abstract

   Gram-negative bacteria that answerable for typhoid fever, enteric fever, is Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and has been a burden on developing countries for generations. In 1829, the first to invent the term “typhoid fever” after identifying lesions in the abdominal lymph nodes of patients who had died from “gastric fever.” by Pierre Louis [1]. 27 million typhoid fever infection and 217,000 death cases estimated yearly caused by S. typhi [ [2. Infection cycle with S. typhi occur by the fecal-oral method; after eating, bacteria cross the intestinal epithelium able of colonizing the gallbladder, enter the bloodstream, and systemically multiply leading to chronic asymptomatic shedding [3]. Virulence factor  of a gram-negative bacterial is outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS is consist of lipid A tail; a core carbohydrate; and the bacterial cell protects from the innate immune system actions that occur caused by O-antigen side chain [4]. In 1896 diagnostic test developed commonly utilized for typhoid fever, enteric fever and measures agglutinating antibodies in the  patient serum against the LPS and flagella H antigens of S. typhi is widal test; the test was still broadly used [.[5 Other fast available serologic tests are Tubex and Typhidot assays. In principle,  detects IgM antibodies response to O9 antigen Salmonella infection by Tubex test, but Typhidot test detects both IgM and IgG antibodies to S. typhi antigen, should be functional in identifying early acute illness [6].