Detection of Nosema Cerranain Samples of Iraqi Bees Using Traditional and Molecular Methods

Abstract

Background:Microsporidia Nosema are widely distributed in natural environments and transferred among bees via the faecal-oral route. Nosema spp. spores have been detected on flowers and transferred to hives along with the bee pollen,The microscopic technique has been used for years in the diagnosis of Nosema disease,Different methods have been developed to distinguish Nosemaapis from Nosemaceranae.PolymeraseChain Reaction (PCR)is used to detect pathogen types along with other microbes .