Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology

Study of Variations of Umbilical Fissure for Ligamentum Teres Hepatis in Human Cadaveric Livers

2024-02-04T10:37:43+00:00

Background- The classical umbilical fissure is a groove for ligamentum teres hepatis located on the visceral surface of human liver. It may present several variations as highlighted by the current study.

Materials and Methods- The study comprised of twenty formalin preserved human adult livers of unknown sex harvested from embalmed cadavers. The livers were examined and variations of the umbilical fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis were observed and recorded suitably.

Results- Normal or classical umbilical fissure was observed in only 40% cases. The variations noted were as follows- fibrotic capsule bridging across umbilical fissure (10%); liver parenchyma (pons hepatis) bridging across umbilical fissure(15%); incomplete umbilical fissure with partially demarcated quadrate lobe, but ligamentum teres hepatis absent(15%); no quadrate lobe(5%); projection (designated as lingual process in this study) arising from right lobe(5%) amd projecting into umbilical fissure; lingual process arising from left lobe(5%) and projecting into umbilical fissure; lingual process arising from both lobes(5%) and projecting into umbilical fissure.

Conclusion- These anatomical variations of umbilical fissure are clinically significant as they can pose challenges in diagnostic and surgical procedures involving the liver.

Comparison between the ability of ginger, pomegranate and curcumin to inhibit migration and invasion of U87 cells

2024-02-09T10:43:04+00:00

Aim: Cancer is considered as one of the fatal diseases in most countries. Despite the high medical care development, most cancers are resistant to treatment. Therefore, there is a continuous research for novel treatment methods.

This study investigated the effect of curcumin, from Curcuma longa, different concentrations of soaked ginger and pomegranate juice on the invasion of U87 glioma cell line spheres in 3D collagen model. Furthermore, this study investigated the anti-migration effects of the mentioned plants on the migration of the same cell line in scratch assay.

Method: The Study was done in the department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. The 3D invasion assay and 2D migration assays were used to fulfill the mentioned aims in addition to the Image J program that was used to analyze the area of invasion and the area of migration over the days of applying the assays.

Results: Gradual effect of curcumin, the soaked ginger and Pomegranate juice was noticed on the inhibition of the invasion of U87 in collagen and on the inhibition of the migration of the same cell line in scratch assay in a dose and time-dependent manner. However, the results were more potent in migration compared to invasion.

Conclusion: This work adds more proofs on the importance of curcumin; ginger; and pomegranate juice as anti-invasive and anti-migration agents and opens the door for more investigative studies

Conventional and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Different Farm Animals from Different Rural Areas in Wasit Province, Iraq

2024-02-10T08:24:31+00:00

The present study was conducted to identify the occurrence of Brucella spp. in different farm animals from different rural areas of Wasit Province, Iraq. The study involved in the sampling of 165 blood samples from 81 cows, 50 buffalos, 23 sheep, and 11 goats. These samples (5 ml/each) were subjected to Rose Bengal test (RBT), regular bacterial cultivation and identification, positive-RBT-dependent real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and cultivation-dependent conventional 16S rRNA gen-and B5/B4 gene-based PCR, which were followed by a phylogenetic investigation utilizing partial gene sequencing. The results of the RBT revealed the presence of Brucella antibodies in 14 animals, which were distributed as 5 (6.2%), 1 (2%), 3 (13.04%), and 2 (18.2%), respectively. The findings showed significant (p<0.05) correlation of infection with age, sex, and geographical areas in all animals. The cultivation demonstrated the presence of Brucella spp. in 6 (42.9%) of the RBT positive samples, which were confirmed in RT-PCR and conventional PCRs. The phylogenetic work revealed close similarity with isolates from India, Egypt, China, and USA. The present study results shows that Brucella spp. was present in cows, buffalos, sheep, and goats, which might be considered as important infection sources to spread the infection to different animal herds and areas.

Histological and Immunohistochemical Investigation of Pancreatic Buffaloes

2024-02-13T07:45:26+00:00

This study was done to describe distribution of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells in water buffalo. Hence, a total of 25 fresh pancreas samples were collected from slaughtered adult buffaloes in Al-Diwaniyah slaughterhouses (Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq), and then washed, processed, stained and examined. The findings revealed that there were a compound tubulo-acina and lobulated gland surrounded with thin connective tissue capsule, blood arteries, nerves, lymphatic vessels, adipose cells with collagen and elastic fibers. The endocrine tissue, islets of langerhans, displayed clear regular structure immersed within the acinar tissue and delineated by well define delicate connective tissue that contain blood vessels which give the islets spherical shape. The connective tissue involved in separating the endocrine tissue from exocrine. The abundant beta cells appeared normal, rounded to polygonal and stained blue. The smaller number of alpha cells took round to oval shape and almost stained red in color with distinct nuclei. The exocrine sections of the gland were the largest, and these glands were tubuloacinur glands, and each acinus consisted form single layer of large glandular pyramidal shaped epithelial cells resting on basement membrane, the acinar cells contained spherical nucleus basally near the basement membrane, and these cells had large, spherical and homogenous zymogens granules accumulate the cytoplasm in apex. Pancreatic endocrine cells were seen as groups, and separated from exocrine units by very thin layer of connective tissue that completely surrounded the islets. There was a large network of blood capillaries around the islets, and each islet has its own capillary network that is in communication with every other islet. Endocrine cells had an uneven branched cord-like structure that is mixed in with blood arteries. Immunohistichemical examination in the present finding elucidated the Langerhans islets in the pancreas of buffaloes via the using of glucagon and insulin antibody, and detected that the immune reaction varied in density in the islets of pancreas in their two lobes. The immunohistochemical reaction for glucagon and insulin was found three types of islets in the pancreas; alpha (dark), beta (light) and mixed islets. In conclusion, the studying of buffalo animal as it is one of the local economic animals, and comparing between the tissue structure of pancreas of all animals and relationships between them are recommended.

Serological and Molecular Detection of Brucella Melitensis, Wasit, Iraq

2024-02-13T07:47:35+00:00

The current study was carried out to identify the prevalence of Brucella melitensis infections in humans in Wasit province serologically using the Rose-Bengal test (RBT) and molecularly by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The venous blood samples collected randomly from totally 300 individuals into anticoagulant-EDTA plastic tube were tested initially by RBT, and the positive samples were confirmed later by the PCR assay. The findings revealed that 24.67% (74/300) of study population was serologically positives by RBT. Molecularly, there were 39.19% (29/74) positive individuals by the conventional PCR. Regarding the region, significant increases (P<0.0456) in positivity were reported in Al-Numaniyah (17.33%) while significant reduction was seen in Badra (8%) when compared to other study regions; Al-Kut (8%) and Al-Hai (10.67%). In relation to the study period, insignificant differences (P<0.0581) were detected between the positive values of August (8%) and September (11.33%). For sex, the positive higher values were identified significantly (P<0.0363) in males (12.21%) than females (3.45%). Among age groups, the findings of positivity were increased significantly (P<0.04) in >20-40 years old (9.8%) and > 40 years old (10.92%) than those of £20 years old (3.57%). In conclusion, the combination of different diagnostic methods provided more insurance and supported high reliably findings. Also, the application of molecular-PCR assays is of great value since it provides a more sensitive and specific data about the status of infection in addition to their ability in detection of organism in blood samples efficiently. In people and animals living in the same households, brucellosis allows for identification and quantification of risk factors for brucellosis transmission at the household level. However, the prevalence of infection in animal reservoirs can provide a key to its prevalence in humans; therefore, surveys of brucellosis in different domestic and wild animals are required

A Study Protocol on The Efficacy of Fluticasone Versus Bharangi (Clerodendrom Serratum Linn) Arka (Aqueous Extract) Nasal Spray In Pratishyaya (Chronic Allergic Rhinitis) In Children

2024-02-19T09:09:31+00:00

The pervasiveness of Allergic rhinitis among children is high while comparing other inflammatory diseases. Even though it doesn’t have a direct impact on their well-being, it is the villain of the piece interrupting their healthy growth. A closer look at school-going children reveals the fact that Allergic rhinitis is one of the most visible symptoms that disturbs their cycle of life. Fluticasone nasal spray considered as the Gold Standard in COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is the first line treatment method usually prescribed in this ailment. The disease Pratishyaya mentioned in classical Ayurveda texts exhibits features analogous to Allergic rhinitis. Arkaprakasha, serves as the principal testament to the sanative value of Bharangi Arka in Pratishyaya. The Arka prepared from the root of Bharangi has pharmacological effects adequate to pacify the disease. This study plans to evaluate the equivalent efficacy of Bharangi Arka and Fluticasone in Allergic rhinitis. Both of the drugs are administered in the form of nasal sprays since they can be applied more conveniently and easily on the school going group. For the study, 84 children from the age group of 4-14 years with Pratishyaya is selected arbitrarily fulfilling the inclusion criteria and is categorized into two groups. The choice between the nasal sprays is be made by Double- blind method and the assessment is done based on TNSS (Total Nasal Symptom Scoring) within a duration of 28 days. If Bharangi Arka is found to have a fruitful effect, it could foster further research with revamped Ayurveda formulations

Correlation of Serum Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase and Total Protein with Copper in Anemic Women

2024-02-19T12:17:05+00:00

Anemia remains a major public health problem, affecting one third of all adults and almost two billion people worldwide. Main aim of this study is to determine serum copper, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total protein and explore the possible association that might present between them in Anemic Women.

Fifty subjects were included in this study, they were divided into two groups; controls group which involved 20 females, and patients group involved 30 females, the sample collection has been attended the students of the college of applied science and some private laboratories in Al-Fallujah city, for the sampling period was from January 2022 to April 2022 and the ages of all subjects was ranged from 20-45 year. Serum levels of Copper and liver enzymes mentioned in the study were estimated by color enzymatic methods .

The results showed lower serum levels of Copper (µg/dL) with significant differences in anemic women (P < 0.0001) than in control group. The serum levels of ALT (U/L) was significantly higher in controls (P < 0.0001) in comparison with patients, also the serum levels of, AST was significantly higher in controls than patients (P < 0.001), while the serum levels of total protein decreased slightly in the patients group in comparison to the controls group (P < 0.001).

The current study showed that the correlation for Copper with Age weak positive (r = 0.383), (p=0.037), and negative correlation was notice with total protein (r = -0.505) (p=0.004) .In addition to no correlation was observed between Copper with ALT and AST.

Genetic Structure of Iraqi Populations

2024-02-21T06:52:23+00:00

Background: The field of genetics has become more and more crucial to our comprehension of human evolution. Genetic developments have given us new means of verifying or disproving historical theories. Our ancestors mingled with prehistoric humans, who seem to have more genetic variation in common, for example with modern non-African humans than with modern sub-Saharan African humans.

Method: A laboratory specializing in family tree construction evaluated 2238 samples in total, drawn at random from a group of Iraqis.

Results: It was demonstrated that the Neolithic (Caucasian), Natufian (local Jazri Levantine), and Anatolian Iranians make up the majority of Iraqis. Examining a single sample of pure Jazri ancestry, the findings showed that the sample was 60% Natufian (local Jazri Levantine), 28% Neolithic.

Conclusions: The genetic composition has no relation to the paternal genealogy as it differs from one computer to another, as each computer uses a different Algorithm. Generally, the genetic composition differs according to the comparison samples, when the purer samples the more accurate results, and to the genetic distances, where the closer distance to zero, the more precise results.

Study of Microbial Contaminants in White Cheese in Basra Markets, Iraq

2024-02-26T11:18:40+00:00

This study was conducted to detect and identify the types of microbial contaminants in the homemade soft white cheese in Basra city markets and from different regions to assess their validity and their compliance with the approved Iraqi health standards. Fifty samples of soft white cheese samples were collected from the local markets of the city of Basra, represented by the regions (Al-Ashar, Old Basra, Abi Al-Khateeb, Al-Qarma, and five miles) during the period from February 2020 to April 2020 by using 250 g for each sample of soft white cheese. total bacterial count and the total coliform count was investigated, as well as the Staphylococcus aureus preparation and the presence of Pseudomonas spp was also investigate compared with specific control rates, biochemical identification was done by using the Enterosystem18R system. The results of the current study showed the high content of soft white cheese from the microorganisms that included many pathogens in humans and food poisoning. Total bacterial count ranges from 5.6 x 10⁵to 6.8 x 10⁹ cfu /g, coliform bacteria ranged from 4.6 x 10⁴ to 9.99 x10⁷ cfu/g and it was found that the bacterial count of E. coli was between 2.1 x 10 ²to 3.9 x 10⁹cfu/g,. Pseudomonas spp. was found between 2.4 x 10⁴to 3.1 x 10⁷cfu/g and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 1.8 x 10⁷to 5.3 x 10⁷ cfu/g .It was concluded through this study that soft white cheese samples contain high bacterial contamination that may threaten consumers' general health, exceeding health standards.

Hormonal, Hematological, and Oxidant / Antioxidant Disturbances in Aborted Cows

2024-02-26T11:20:47+00:00

Background: Cattle abortion, increasingly occurred in Iraq in last decades due to unknown causes, associates with various postpartum disturbances and/or complications which might affect markedly of the reproductive performance.

Aims: To estimate the possible changes in hormonal, hematological and antioxidant/oxidant profiles in aborted cows due to undiagnosed causes.

Materials and methods: A total of 80 adult cows; 40 naturally calving cows as a healthy control in addition to 40 recently aborted cows, were selected from different areas in Al-Qadisiyah province during March-November (2023), and subjected for draining the jugular venous blood that kept into with and without anticoagulant tubes.

Results: In aborted group, the findings of hematology were showed a significant decrease in values of total erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and significant elevation in values of MCV when compared to those of healthy group. However, insignificant variations (P>0.05) between values of both study groups were showed in hematocrit, MCH, MCHC, total leaukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. For hormones, the findings of aborted cows revealed a significant reduction in values of prolactin and a significant elevation in values of insulin. In cows of aborted group, the findings of antioxidants (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) were significantly higher; while, malondialdehyde was significantly lower than seen in cows of healthy groups. Although the findings of glucose and magnesium were differed insignificantly, the concentration of calcium was reduced significantly in cows of healthy group when compared to those of aborted group.

Conclusion: To date, abortion in cattle due to unknown causes and their complications remain an actual problem without control. This might represent the first study in Iraq compare between the markers of aborted cows and naturally calving cows; therefore, additional studies appear very important to know all bodily changes after abortion and the methods for decreasing or preventing their negative effects.

Role of Some Cytokines in Pathogenicity of Toxoplasmosis in Aborted Women in Karbala,Iraq

2024-03-27T06:55:11+00:00

210 blood samples were collected for pregnant women who aborted with toxoplasmosis and those who aborted for other reasons during the first trimester of pregnancy at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital in the city of Karbala during the period 7/1/2021 until 2/22/2023. The required information was recorded according to a special questionnaire form prepared in advance. For this purpose, the results of the rapid examination, RAPID TEST, out of 210 aborted women, showed that 60 of them were infected with toxoplasmosis, a percentage of 28.5%, while 150 women aborted for other reasons, out of 210 aborted women, a percentage of 71.4%, were negative (serum) and not infected with Toxoplasma gondii.The results of the examination of immunological indicators showed that there was a significant increase in TNF-α cytokinetic concentrations in patients aborted with toxoplasmosis 13.18±3.49 pg/ml compared with the mean and standard error 8.45± 1.89 and 4.18±0.83 for each of the patients aborted for reasons Other women control.The results did not record any significant differences in the level of cytokinetic TGF-β for the patients who aborted with toxoplasmosis and the patients who aborted for other reasons, respectively 27.18±4.63 and 25.29±2.16 compared with the control group, as the rate was recorded at 4.66±0.78

Studying the Effects of Active Compounds in Clove Plant and their Impact Against Certain Types of Candida Species

2024-03-27T06:58:05+00:00

The study included the detection of active compounds by using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. It revealed about 7 effective compounds, as the clove plant contains volatile oils and the most effective and concentrated compound was Eugenol acetate. The genus Candida spp. was identified based on cultural and microscopic characteristics was revealed in a way of smooth, shiny, convex colonies, white to milky in color, and distinguished by its distinctive odor. The shape of the cells appeared spherical to oval or longitudinal, single and budded. The virulence factors of Candida species were studied Its ability to produce Protease enzyme and the possibility of isolation from yeast C. albicans on the enzyme production, followed by C. tropicalis yeast while the other species do not have the ability to produce the protease enzyme. The ability of Candida was to produce the hemolysin enzyme especially the two species C. albicans and C. glabrata have hemolytic ability, while other isolates portability was non-hemolytic, and their ability to produce phospholipase enzyme was demonstrated by the isolate of C.albicans which recognized by the appearance of a white dense area around the growing colonies, which is the area of deposition on the medium of solid egg yolk, while the rest of the isolates did not produce the enzyme phospholipase. The alcoholic extract of Cloves plants was prepared for the purpose of identifying the antagonistic activity against Candida species, it was noted that the clove plant inhibited all species.

Gene expression of Entamoeba histolytica in diarrhetic patients from Wasit province

2024-03-27T07:00:25+00:00

In order to identify the amoebiasis-causing Entamoeba histolytica in people who were suffering from diarrhea, this study made use of molecular detection technologies. We gathered stool samples from one hundred people who were experiencing symptoms of diarrhea and classified them according to their age and gender. The findings of an inspection using a direct microscope showed that ninety percent of the samples had entamoeba germs. According to the findings of a microscopic inspection, the rate of infection with Entamoeba was much greater in females (86.73 percent) than in men (70.8 percent), and this difference was significant at the level of 0.05 for the P value. The investigation also indicated significant infection rates in the age categories of 5-11 years and more than 50 years (respectively 85.23 percent and 78.81 percent), but a reduced infection rate in the age group of more than 2 years (43.45 percent). The nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction, in which the small subunit gene was used, was able to establish that the infection rate for E. histolytica 91 was greater (91 percent). The prevalence of the Entamoeba histolytica infection is much higher in females (89.23 percent) than it is in males (82.35 percent). Both the older age group (>2) and the younger age group (28-48 years) had an infection rate that was one hundred percent attributable to E. histolytica. Based on gender, age, and the results of nested multiplex PCR, this gave the proportion of people that were infected with Entamoeba histolytica.

Levels of Interleukins, Hepcidin and Ferritin in Helicobacter pylori Patients

2024-04-02T06:05:55+00:00

The current study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori in anemic patients and the levels of serum interleukins (1 and 6), hepcidin and ferritin. Totally, 110 individuals who went to the consulting clinic at Medical city Hospital in Baghdad Governorate during May to September (2022) were subjected to the current study. The blood samples were collected from the study population and the obtained sera were examined using the specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect the prevalence of anti-H. pylori IgG-antibodies and the levels of interleukins, (1 and 6), hepcidin and ferritin. According to the results of serum analysis of 100 patients aged between 20-60 years, 75% were H. pylori positive. The percentage of males who tested positive was 62.7% compared to 37.3% females. The obtained results of hepcidin for anemia by H. pylori patients compared with the control group is 3.78 ± 0.17 ng/mL and 6.46 ± 1.52 ng/mL, respectively. It appeared that the hepcidin concentration was significantly lower (p <0.01) for the patients than for the controls. The values of Interleukin-1B appeared to be higher for anemia by H. pylori patients compared to the control group. The data obtained from IL-1 showed a significant increase in the serum concentration of patients compared with the healthy control group (p <0.01). As for values of Interleukin-6, the obtained results showed a significant increase in the serum concentration of patients compared with the healthy control group (p>0.05). The values of interleukin-6 appeared to be higher for anemia by H. pylori patients. This study concluded that there is a relationship between low ferritin levels and infection with H. pylori, and this leads to cases of anemia in the patient. The high levels of cytokines showed a correlation with infection with H. pylori, as infection stimulates the immune system.While the levels of hepcidin protein did not show clear results and its relationship with infection with H. pylori. Because the serological tests do not distinguish between active infection and past exposure to H. pylori, further confirmation by other tests is required before eradication therapy. Several tests are available for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. It should focus on the usefulness and limitations of each diagnostic method as well as the recent developments of these tests that contribute to improve the diagnostic accuracy. It should be considered in the future to extend current routine diagnostics of H. pylori infections with Next Generation Sequence (NGS) applications. More researches are needed to establish different foods at high risk of H. pylori presence and transmission.

Hepatitis B Virus in Al- Diwaniya Governorate

2024-04-02T09:01:54+00:00

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a public health concern because it can lead to liver conditions like cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer.

The basic immunology idea of an antigen attaching to its particular antibody is used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, which enable the detection of extremely minute amounts of antigens like proteins, peptides, hormones, or antibodies in a fluid sample.

By using ELISA screening, 80 samples were positive for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The study sample consisted of 59 males and 21 females, aged between 12 and 75. Results were 33 samples (41.25%) were positive for HBV-DNA. 47 (58.75%) of the samples tested negative for HBV-DNA using PCR. According to the current study, there is no discernible difference between males and females or between rural and urban areas in the incidence of HBV.

Spectrum of Granulomatous Lesion of Skin Among Skin Punch Biopsies

2024-04-17T11:02:30+00:00

The granulomatous reaction pattern is defined as a distinctive inflammatory pattern characterized by the presence of granulomas. Granulomas are relatively discrete collections of histiocytes or epithelioid histiocytes with variable numbers of admixed multinucleated giant cells and inflammatory cells

Material & methods -This prospective observational study was conducted in dept of pathology at a tertiary level health care centre in rajasthan . 500 consecutive skin punch from 1^ST Aug 2019 onwards reviewd . Clinical information and clinical diagnosis were noted .Sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin along with other necessary special stains were studied. The granulomas were subclassified into sarcoidal, tuberculoid, necrobiotic, suppurative, foreign body and miscellaneous granulomas.

Results- In consecutive 500 skin punch biopsies, 60 cases (12.00%) were diagnosed as granulomatous lesion.Granulomatous lesion was more common in male , 3^rd decade of life and Upper extremities was commonly involved site in granulomatous lesions.Tuberculoid was most common type of granuloma . Infectious etiology was coomonest in this spectrum , leprosy followed by tuberculosis. In leprosy tuberculoid leprosy was commonest followed by borderline leprosy .Among cutaneous lupus vulgaris was commonest . In suppurative type , mycetoma was predominant.

Conclusion - Increased incidence of granulomatous lesions needs a good clinical history, a close histological examination and a clinico-pathological correlation in making a final diagnosis. Optimum communication between pathologists and clinician is utmost important with strict adherence to clinical criteria while deciding site and depth of biopsy.

Biochemical changes in thalassemia patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii

2024-06-12T07:26:35+00:00

The current study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Betathalassemia Major Patients and detection the effect of toxoplasmosis on biochemical changes in patients, in Wasit province. Serum samples from two groups were patients (175 people with beta-thalassemia) and control (35 healthy individuals), were obtained and used to test for anti T. gondii (IgM and IgG) antibodies using the ELISA technique. Then, in T. gondii seropositive patients and controls, the levels of (T3,T4, TSH) were determined using the Mini Vidas technology and urea, creatinine, ALP, ALT, AST using the Cobas c111 technique. According to the findings, the patient had the percentages of anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies were 2.28% and 10.85%, respectively. Additionally, the concentrations of T3, T4, TSH, urea, creatinine, ALP, ALT and AST respectively in T. gondii seropositive patients were 2.15 mlU/ml, 101.27 nmol/L, 4.70 µIU/ml, 23.95 mg/dL, 0.37 mg/dL, 181.22U/L, 40.18U/L and 48.73U/L; while in control, they were 9.72 mlU/ml, 11.14 nmol/L, 7.17 µIU/ml, 4.40 mg/dL,-20.13 mg/dL, 9.47 U/L, 0.15U/L and 1.30U/L. In conclusion, statistical analysis results suggest that high significant differences between patients and control individuals.

Assessment of Liver Enzymes, Calcium, and Ferritin in Beta- Thalassemia Patients

2024-06-12T07:28:09+00:00

This study attempts to estimate the association between liver enzyme, ferritin level and blood calcium level in patients suffering from β-thalassemia. For this purpose, a total of 50 healthy individuals without hereditary blood disorders and 75 patients with beta-thalassemia attended to at the Thalassemic Centre of in Al Kut city (Iraq) during September (2023) to the March (2024) were subjected for data collection and blood draining. In this study, we observed that a significant increase in the average levels of liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], and the levels of ferreting concentration, in the patients as compared to the healthy people. In terms of AST, ALT, and ALP, in intermedia and major β-thalassemia patient were significant increases (P<0.05) than in healthy individuals. However, there no significant changes (P>0.05) were detected in minima β-thalassemia than in healthy individuals in all age groups. As for serum calcium in minima, intermedia and major β-thalassemia patient were significant decrease (P<0.05) in patients than in healthy individuals. This study concluded that there were elevated levels in liver enzymes indicate that β-thalassemia patients are at increased risk of heart and liver dysfunction. Also elevated ALT is affected by increasing iron overload, as reflected by elevated serum ferritin. The patients with β-thalassemia will experience hypoparathyroidism where the absence of PTH synthesiswill decreasethe gastrointestinal tract's calcium absorption and lower serum calcium levels.

Prevalence of Hydatid Cysts in Slaughtered Animals in Wasit Province, Iraq

2024-06-16T07:48:10+00:00

Hydatid cysts, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, which infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals in addition to humans. The current study was aimed to detect the prevalence of hydatid disease in field animals with estimation the association of infection to different animal risk factors including season, age, sex and infected organ. For this purpose, slaughtered animals (buffaloes, cattle, camels, goats, and sheep) at different areas in Wasit province (Iraq) during March (2023) to the April (2024) were examined grossly to identify the presence of infection. Of totally 1841 slaughtered animals, the total prevalence rate of hydatid cysts was 3.75%. Among different animal species, values of prevalence rate and the risk of infection were increased significantly in cattle (4.68% and 2.72, respectively) and decreased in sheep (0.874% and 0.18, respectively). However, no positive infections were detected in camels and goats (0%). Distribution of hydatid cysts was showed significant higher prevalence and risk in liver (76.81% and 3.31, respectively) than other infected organs; lung (13.04% and 0.149, respectively), mesentery (5.8% and 0.062, respectively), spleen (2.9% and 0.299, respectively) and brain (1.45% and 0.015, respectively). According to season factor, the prevalence rate of hydatid cysts was differed insignificantly in comparison between values of spring (4.6%), summer (4.01%), autumn (385%) and winter (3.01%). Whilst, the risk of hydatid cysts infection was elevated significantly in spring (1.243) and reduced in winter (0.734) when compared to values of summer (1.18) and autumn (1.041). Regarding the age of study animals, the findings of prevalence rate and risk of hydatid cysts infection were increased significantly in animals aged ³ 36 months (11.98%) more than those aged £ 6 months (1.18%), ³ 7-11 months (1.23%), and ³12-35 months (3.27%). Although no significant differences were recorded between prevalence rate values of females (5.14%) and males (2.05%), risk values of hydatid cysts infection were elevated significantly in females (2.448) compared to males (0.409). In conclusion, as the prevalence and risk of infection of hydatid cysts in cattle is higher than those in other animals, sheep might clearly have an important role to play in the continuation of the E. granulosus life cycle in study areas. Therefore the safe disposal of infected offal, especially of cattle and sheep, will significantly reduce the transmission of cysts from slaughterhouses to potential hosts in this region.

Prevalence and determinants of falls among elderly people in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

2024-06-23T09:26:39+00:00

Introduction: Falls are among the most damaging events to the elderly. In Makkah, Saudi Arabia, only one study has so far attempted to determine the prevalence of falls among elderly patients. Our goal was to ascertain the frequency and contributing factors of falls among elderly people in Makkah.

Methods: This cross-sectional study among the elderly in Makkah had a sample size of 383 participants. Questionnaires were completed by physicians and researchers through face-to-face interviews to ensure proper data collection.

Results: Of the 397 participants included, 53.1% were female. The incidence of falls was 47.4%. Individuals with an MAHC-10 score ≥ 4 represented 28.7% of the sample, and the prevalence of falls among them was 78.9%. In the multivariate binary logistic regression (BLR), an MAHC-10 score ≥ 4 was significantly associated with falls (OR = 10.36, 95% CI:5.69-18.88, p<0.001) compared with an MAHC-10 score < 4, adjusted for educational level and history of taking any medication regularly.

Conclusions: This study showed an elevated frequency of falls among the elderly in Makkah. Several factors were identified related to falls. Healthcare providers should conduct screenings to prevent falls. Conducting additional prospective research and introducing fall prevention programs for the elderly in Makkah is advisable.

Article Review: Border Disease Virus Infection in Small Ruminants

2024-06-24T06:25:51+00:00

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, is one of the most economically-threating pathogens in livestock; which causes a high rate of mortalities and morbidities in addition to difficulty in controlling the quick spread of the virus to result in long-lasting persisting infections. Reproductive alterations due to infection usually represent the biggest impact on farms. Pestivirus species can be transmitted between animal species because these viruses are antigenically related. However, transmission to susceptible animals usually requires direct contact (oro-nasal route) with infected animals. Another route, which is crucial for pregnant animals, is the vertical transmission via placenta, which may cause persistent infection in newborns because fetuses can be exposed to the virus while their immune system is still immature. Adult goats or sheep don’t show obvious signs of the infection. The spread of Pestivirus infections in small ruminant flocks has been detected by the usage of live vaccines derived from cell cultures, which were produced with Pestivirus contaminated fetal calf serum. Ideally, the control programs of Pestivirus infections should consist of identification and elimination of PI animals within the herds. However, no antigen ELISA kits for BDV for routine, diagnostic, serological screening could be recommended in terms of antibodies to determine BD infection in the herd. Generally, PI animals produced no antibodies; therefore, seronegative animals, especially ewes, in the flocks would be suspect. Therefore, furthermore studies are of great importance to indicate the actual prevalence of the disease and to lowering the impacts of the disease.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF LONG-TERM OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO TANDOOR HEAT ON PALM PRINTS OF WORKERS IN JAMMU CITY

2024-07-05T11:51:02+00:00

Palm prints can be widely serve as a reliable method for identification of an individual as palm prints are used as physical evidence linking the victim, crime scene, and the suspect. Palm prints provide a broader area for the analysis of occupational marks similar to fingerprints. This study is regarding the impact of long-term occupational exposure to tandoor heat on the palms of workers conducted in Jammu City. The examination involves observing the specific characteristics associated with exposure to prolonged heat in the palm prints of tandoor workers.The characteristics include certain occupational marks such as, scars, burns, and depletion of ridges and creases. To observe the occupational marks 40 samples were obtained from the individuals who work with the tandoor fire against the control group of individuals consisting of 22 samples who work in the same profession but are not in direct contact with the heat.The aim and objective of this research is to determine whether heat exposure will make differences in patterns or features of palm prints, which are unique to each occupation or not and can be used during forensic investigations, biometrics, and legal procedures.

Evaluation of Renal and Hepatic Function in Stressed Male Mice

2024-07-20T06:25:35+00:00

The current study of the evaluation of renal and hepatic function of male mice exposed to the stressed environment condition has been carried out in the animal house at the College of Veterinary Medicine University of Wasit. In the experiment design, twenty-four male mice have been divided into three groups: the control group drenched normal saline, the stressed group drenched normal saline and kept at 32±1 for 3 weeks, and the thymoquinone group drenched thymquinone 25 mg/kg b.w. for 3 weeks and kept at 32±1. The result showed a significant effect of thymoqunone on hepatic and renal function compared with control. After 24 hours of thymoquinone administration, synthesized mice with kitamine 100 mg/kg b.w. and xylazine 10 mg/kg b.w. serum collected from centrifuged blood to estimate serum (MDA, GPx, ALT, AST) and took kidney sample for histopathological examination.

Pharmacological and toxicological insights into Datura spp. – A review

2024-07-22T14:58:30+00:00

Datura is well-known for both its poisonous qualities and its trumpet-shaped blossoms. Due to the strong alkaloids these plants contain—like atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine—they are extremely toxic and dangerous to both people and animals if consumed. As part of the phytoremediation process, which helps purify contaminated areas, it absorbs heavy metals from the soil. Regarding pharmacological and toxicological activities, it is significant. However, the plant's toxicity outweighs any potential ecological benefits. Because Datura's alkaloids have been used in criminal investigations, it is significant for forensics. Because of its unique chemical makeup, Dhatura can help identify poisoning cases and provide important evidence for forensic toxicology.

Geographical Differentiation and Species Identification through DNA Analysis of Pollen Grains

2024-08-01T11:22:09+00:00

The identity of plant species via pollen evaluation has traditionally trusted morphological traits, which can be restricting because of the morphological similarities among distinct species. This take a look at explores the capability of DNA analysis as a device for species identity and geographical differentiation of pollen grains. Pollen samples were gathered from numerous geographical regions and subjected to DNA extraction and sequencing. The genetic data have been analyzed to become aware of species-precise markers and to assess the genetic variety among populations from one-of-a-kind locations. The effects exhibit that DNA evaluation can correctly become aware of plant species from their pollen and reveal sizable genetic variant similar to geographical origins. This technique gives a strong opportunity to conventional pollen analysis, with packages in ecology, agriculture, and forensic science. The examine underscores the importance of integrating molecular strategies in palynological studies for enhanced species resolution and geographical tracing.

Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and factors associated with tb regimen and health facilities in Srikakulam, northeast of Andhra Pradesh: A five-year retrospective study

2024-08-29T10:18:12+00:00

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the primary cause of tuberculosis (TB), a communicable disease. Active TB Symptoms include fever, night sweats, haemoptysis (coughing up blood), weight loss, and a chronic cough. Diagnosis of TB includes chest x-ray, microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assays. The number of deaths has decreased over the years, which is a positive outcome. The regression analysis aimed to explore the relationship between the number of deaths and the number of cured TB cases. While the correlation coefficient (R) indicates a moderate to strong positive relationship, there is no statistical significance in the results. This implies that the number of TB cases that are cured may be significantly influenced by other factors that are not considered by this model. The p-values for both the constant and the number of deaths is above 0.05, suggesting that neither has a significant impact on the number of cured cases in this model. The variability in notifications, cure rates, and death rates over the years highlights ongoing challenges in TB control, including the impact of external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic. The significant decline in cure rates from 43% in 2018-2019 to 23% in 2022 is concerning and indicates a need for enhanced treatment strategies and patient support systems. The fluctuation in mortality rates suggests variability in TB case severity and healthcare quality. The reduction in mortality rates by 2022 is a positive sign, indicating possible improvements in TB care

Trends and Public Health Implications of Tuberculosis Coinfections with HIV, Diabetes, and COVID-19: A Five-Year Study in Srikakulam District

2024-09-04T09:22:10+00:00

The primary objective of this study was to analyse the trends and public health implications of tuberculosis (TB) coinfections with HIV, diabetes (DM), and COVID-19 in the Srikakulam district over a five-year period (2018-2022). This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Government General Hospital in Srikakulam, focusing on trends in TB notifications, particularly the increasing incidence of extra-pulmonary TB, the declining trend of HIV-reactive TB, and the consistent prevalence of TB-DM coinfections. Additionally, the study explored the low incidence of TB-COVID coinfections. Data analysis was performed using logistic regression and chi-square tests to assess the relationship between variables. The results revealed a significant rise in extra-pulmonary TB cases, a decrease in TB-HIV coinfections, and a stable rate of TB-DM coinfections. Interestingly, TB-COVID coinfections were found to be minimal, suggesting limited interaction between these diseases. The study concludes that integrated healthcare strategies, including enhanced screening, diagnostics, and public awareness campaigns, are essential for effectively managing TB and its associated coinfections. The findings underscore the need for continued research and monitoring to adapt public health interventions to the evolving dynamics of TB coinfections, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing the overall burden of tuberculosis.

Plasma Fibronectin Concentrations for Prognosis of Preterm Delivery: A Cross-Sectional Study in Wasit City, Iraq

2024-09-13T09:50:02+00:00

Preterm delivery is the most prevalent cause of fetus mortality and has considerable social and psychological effects for the family as well as the society. Sometimes, the reasons of preterm delivery are unknown. The influential factors, their prediction and prevention are not profoundly realized. Recognizing women who are at risk of preterm delivery is the first effective step in preventing preterm birth. We aimed to determine the diagnostic value of plasma concentration of fibronectin in diagnosing preterm delivery.This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out in the labor facilities in local hospital in Wasit.Therefore, if screening for fibronectin levels using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test can be carried out in the last trimester of pregnancy, there is a high possibility that Preterm delivery can be prevented.A total 90 blood samples were collected by phlebotomists from patients inPretermand Full-termlabor. We carried our study on 90 pregnant women, divided into two groups. First group delivered preterm 45 and other group 45 at full term.

It was found that patients with preterm delivery had significantly a higher fibronectin concentration than those with full-term delivery (P-value< 0.001).The mean ± SD for preterm pregnancy patients was 77.58±9.06 while it was 50.16±5.38 for full-term. Based on ROC diagram, the best cutoff point of fibronectin concentration that appeared to differentiate those women who delivered earlier than others is found to be equal to or above 62.42 with a significant P-value less than 0.001. The AUC: Area Under Curve; CI: Confidence Intervals, sensitivity, specificity, positive predicting value, and negative predicting value for this test were 0.999, 0.995-1.000, 97.8%,100%,100%, 97.8%, respectively. It was concluded that Fibronectin plasma level in women with preterm delivery was significantly higher than those with term delivery.

Review Article: Brief Insights on Leishmaniasis

2024-09-13T09:53:03+00:00

In this review article, leishmaniasis is discussed briefly as a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania genus that remains a serious global public health problem in many countries in Africa, Americas, and Asia. The disease is transmitted by sandflies and the endemic areas are mainly concentrated in the tropics where the arthropod vectors occur. As the Earth's climate continues to change, the number of sand flies is expected to increase, putting more people at risk of contracting the virus. Leishmaniasis can cause three types of leishmaniasis are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucosal leishmaniasis (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The outcome of the infection depends on the Leishmania parasite species and the host immune response. Regarding treatment, few treatment options are available in areas where epidemics are severe. In addition, all first- and second-line drugs currently used to treat leishmaniasis have toxicity, cost, and/or administration problems. Therefore, the potential emergence of widespread drug resistance indicates an urgent need to develop new and effective treatments for leishmaniasis. In conclusion, leishmaniasis epidemics has shown incidence in many areas in last decade, and new epidemics can happen at any time in conflict areas and neighboring regions where the disease was previously endemic.

Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis in Iraqi Patients: Evaluation of Circulating IL 17α

2024-09-13T09:56:22+00:00

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the CNS, characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. It frequently results in cognitive and physical disability. Whereas the precise etiology of multiple sclerosis remains uncertain, it is believed to be an immune-mediated reaction to several environmental stimuli in a genetically vulnerable person.The current study aimed to detect the prevalence of MS in Wasit Governorate, as well as evaluate IL17α levels. A total of 137 cases of patients of both sexes were involved in this study, while only 50 participants subjected to assessment of the proinflammatory cytokine 17a that is expected to be linked to this disease.The results of this study revealed that the percentage of infected females exceeds the percentage of males, 72% versus to 27.7%, and that most of the patients were within the age group (25-34) as 62%, in addition to that sensory and motor symptoms were the most frequent signs. Furthermore IL-17α levels in patients were statistically significantly higher than in controls (P ≤0.0003). It can be concluded that the female more affected with MS and exhibited various complications over time due to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneraion of nerve cells.

Role of Lactobacillus Spp. in Treatment of Diarrheic Cases Caused by Clostridium Difficile

2024-09-13T10:02:39+00:00

Background: Antibiotic treatment can disturb the resistance of the gastrointestinal flora to colonization. This may result in complications, the most serious of which is Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD). The study was to determine the effectiveness of probiotics for the prevention of CDAD. Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. Illness may range from mild watery diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. Diagnosis is based primarily on the detection of C. difficile toxin A or toxin B. These toxins primarily disrupt the cytoskeletal structure and the tight junctions of target cells causing cell rounding and ultimately cell death. The toxins trigger a complex cascade of host cellular responses to cause diarrhea, inflammation and tissue necrosis- the major symptoms of CDI. Our findings indicate that probiotics may prevent CDAD. Most probiotics contain a singular strain. The combination with lactobacillus sp was the most effective at preventing CDAD. In addition, 6 out of 8 trials had an in relation to preventing CDAD containing Lactobacillus spp. Our findings indicate that probiotics may prevent CDAD. Most probiotics contain a singular strain. The combination with Lactobacillus spp. was the most effective at preventing CDAD. Conclusion: In addition, 6 out of 8 trials had an in relation to preventing CDAD containing lactobacillus sp. Four studies said that there were some factors that meant that the probiotic could not reduce or prevent the CDAD.

Phenotypic and molecular identification of blaOXA ESBLs gene in Escherichia coli isolates from UTIs patients in the Al-Basrah province, Iraq

2024-09-21T06:50:39+00:00

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes, including urinary tract infections, poses a significant threat to public health, making treatment increasingly challenging. Between 5^th January to 22^nd February, current study relied on 200 urine samples were collected from patients at Al Sadr Teaching Hospital in Al-Basrah Province, Iraq, who were suffering from urinary tract infections (UTIs). A result of current study found that 71 (35.5%) of urine samples from urinary tract infections patients showed positive bacterial growth. The growth was distributed to 47 (66.2%) Escherichia coli and 24 (33.8%) of other Gram-negative species. The diagnostic gene 16S rDNA by PCR method the results showed that all 47(100%) E. coli isolates. Furthermore,the double-disc approximation method (DAM) showed positive results in 44 (93.6%) E.coli isolates that produced ESBLs. While double-disc synergy test (DDST) showed positive results in 13(27.7%) of E.coli isolates. The study also detected Extended-spectrum β-lactamses (ESBLs) genes by PCR, amplifying the bla_OXA gene in E.coli isolates. The amplified genes' bands were characterized at approximately (619 bp) for bla_OXA and compared to the standard molecular DNA ladder at 2000 bp. The results showed that all 47(100%) E.coli isolates gave positive results for the bla_OXA gene.

Physiological Impact of Nicotine on Rats

2024-09-25T06:38:20+00:00

Nicotine is the well-known chemical compound which responsible for addiction in tobacco smoking and consider as the main cause of mortality worldwide. This study aims to estimate the level of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in rats exposed to nicotine. Totally, 40 male rats were selected, acclimated and divided equally into two groups; G1 as control and G2 as an experimental group injected subcutaneously with 0.25 ml of nicotine daily for 28 days. Finally, the study animals were served to sampling of blood and lung samples. Results of CAT revealed a significant decreases in G2 (8.84 ± 0.52 pg/ml) when compared to G1 (18.36 ± 1.23 pg/ml). Concerning GPx, significant reduction was seen in G2 (215.91 ± 14.96 pg / ml) in comparison with G1 (418.48 ± 15.17 pg / ml). For SOD, value of G2 (3.37 ± 0.1 U / ml) was lowered significantly more than G1 (7.58 ± 0.17 U / ml). Significantly, higher MDA concentration were seen in G2 (126.25 ± 5.95 ng / ml) than G1 (53.8 ± 4.51 ng / ml). In conclusion, we showed that nicotine is a harmful material for lung tissues and has serious systemic side effects which detected by reducing of the antioxidants and induces of furthermore MDA. Moreover studies are of great importance to detect the effect of nicotine on lung development as well as its effect on other body organs

Molecular Phylogenetic Demonstration of Staphylococcus Aureus in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

2024-10-02T06:35:18+00:00

Background: In Iraq, the high incidence and recurrence rates of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and management.

Aim: Direct molecularly detection the prevalence of S. aureus among the DFUs patients using of molecular assay; and then, nucleotide sequencing of some local S. aureus isolates to be documented in the NCBI and identify its association with the GenBank-BLAST S. aureus isolates. Distribution of infection among the age and sex of study population in addition to type of medication(s) were aimed, also.

Materials and methods: After disinfecting of skin surrounding the ulcer, pus samples were collected from 73 DFU patients using sterile swabs that examined molecularly by the PCR assay. DNAs of some positive samples were sequenced and analysed phylogenetically.

Results: Targeting the 16S rRNA gene, 20.55% of DFU swabs were positive reactivity to S. aureus. Concerning age, significant higher prevalence and risk of S. aureus were shown in patients aged ≥61 years old, and to less extent among 51- 60 years old when compared to other age groups; 41-50 and ≤40 years old. For sex, although no significant variation was seen among females and males, risk values revealed that males were at higher risk of S. aureus infection than females. Regarding the type of medication, DFU patients received injectable medication have significantly higher values of prevalence rate and risks than those of oral and mixed medications. Relation to phylogeny, the sequenced data of six local S. aureus strains were submitted in the NCBI database under specified names (DFU1-DFU6) and GenBank IDs (PQ318365.1- PQ318370.1). The findings of phylogentic tree analysis, homology sequence identity, and NCBI MSA viewer demonstrated that the local S. aureus strains were related to the NCBI-BLAST Iraqi isolate (LC576397.1) at an identity rate ranged from 98.65% to 99.79% and mutation/change at 0.02%.

Conclusion: This study confirms, for the first time in Iraq, the phylogenetic linkage of S. aureus isolated from DFU patients to the NCBI-GenBank S. aureus isolates. This study shows, also, significant differences in prevalence rates and risks of S. aureus among various age and sex groups as well as among DFU patients received different medications. Therefore, establishing the underlying causes of diabetes and developing effective interventions to prevent and manage its associated complications are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of this widespread disease. Additionally, the high incidence and recurrence rates of DFU remain underscore and need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and management.

Article Review: Physiological Role of Oxidative Stress in Abnormal Activity and Cell Death

2024-10-22T06:24:37+00:00

Oxidative stress is a fundamental concept in the field of cell biology and pathophysiology, which refers to presence an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of biological system to detoxify these reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. This disturbance in the redox state of the cell can lead to generation of toxic effects through production of peroxides and free radicals, which subsequently damage essential cellular components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Oxidative stress can arise from various sources, both endogenous and exogenous. Endogenously, ROS generated as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism, particularly during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria; whereas exogenous sources of oxidative stress include smoking, air pollution, exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, intense physical exercise, and psychological stress. When the production of ROS overwhelms the cell’s antioxidant defenses, the resulting oxidative stress can have detrimental effects on cellular function and viability. Oxidative stress has been implicated in pathogenesis of numerous disease states due to disruption of normal signaling pathways that induce DNA damage and trigger apoptotic or necrotic cell death cascades. The deleterious effects of oxidative stress are not limited to acute events, but also contribute to development of chronic diseases. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced DNA damage can lead to genomic instability and the activation of oncogenic signaling cascades. The physiological role of oxidative stress in cellular function is complex, as it can also serve as a signaling mechanism to maintain homeostasis. Moderate levels of reactive oxygen species can act as secondary messengers, triggering adaptive responses that enhance cellular antioxidant defenses and promote cell survival. However, when oxidative stress reaches a critical threshold, it can overwhelm these protective mechanisms and lead to abnormal cellular activities and, ultimately, cell death.

Antibacterial Effects of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2024-11-05T06:49:31+00:00

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that has garnered significant attention in the medical community due to its remarkable ability to develop resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.

Aim: This study was conducted to identify the antibacterial activity of both the synthesized AgNPs-Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and the traditional antibiotics against P. aeruginosa.

Materials and methods: After Anise (P. anisum L.) extraction, AgNPs was prepared, validated through the UV spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); and then, used to prepare the AgNPs-Anise solution. Finally, P. aeruginosa isolates were re-cultured on Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates to examine the antibacterial activity of the four different concentrations of the AgNPs-Anise (50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml) solution as well as five traditional antibiotics including Gentamicin (GEN), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Amikacin (AK), Levofloxacin (LE), and Ciprofloxacin (CIP).

Results: Based on values of inhibition zone (mm), significant elevation (p≤0.0001) in antibacterial activity of different concentrations of AgNPs-Anis solution was seen at 50 μg/ml (20.83 ± 1.08 mm) while reduction was observed at 200 μg/ml (17.17 ± 0.79) when compared to other concentrations; 100 μg/ml (18.17 ± 0.79) and 400 μg/ml (19.83 ± 1.11). In comparison with traditional antibiotics, values of antibacterial activity of all AgNPs-Anis concentrations were significantly lowered than detected by AK (22.21 ± 1.1 mm), CAZ (18.14 ± 2.14 mm), CIP (29.3 ± 1.73 mm), GEN (22.5 ± 0.78 mm), and LEV (24.78 ± 2.08 mm). Among the selected antibiotics, antibacterial activity were increased significantly in CIP and decreased in CAZ comparing to others AK, GEN, and LEV.

Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that AgNPs-Anise was significantly having less antibacterial effects than conventional antibiotics. However, it's important to double-check specific applications and formulations, as the effectiveness can vary based on the type of nanoparticles and antibiotics used. Also, the use of NPs with antibiotics enhances the antibacterial effects while reducing the required dosage of antibiotics. This combination improves treatment efficacy and can help combat antibiotic resistance, as nanoparticles can deliver antibiotics more effectively to target pathogens.

Molecular expression of mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic foot ulcers

2024-11-05T06:52:05+00:00

Background: The mecA gene is a mobile genetic element contains various structures that encoded resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics.

Aims: Finding the molecular characterization of mecA gene in clinical isolates of S. aureus obtained from the ulcers of diabetic foot patients with estimating their susceptibility to various antibiotics.

Materials and methods: Swabs of totally 58 diabetic foot ulcers were collected and inoculated in Mannitol salt agar, and then, the isolates of S. aureus were confirmed biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion test among an overall 12 types of antibiotics. Molecular PCR assaying was carried out targeting the mecA gene.

Results: The findings of traditional isolation and biochemical confirmation revealed the presence of 39.66% positive S. aureus isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion shown that the positive S. aureus isolates were significantly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin (86.96%), Oxacillin (82.61%), Ofloxacin (69.57%), and Rifampin (56.52%); but highly resistant to Ampcillin (82.61%), Meropenem (82.61%), Amoxcillin (73.91%), Cephalexin (69.57%), Cefotaxim (60.87%), Ciprofloxacin (60.87%), and Methicillin (60.87%). Targeting the mecA gene, molecular testing of 23 positive S. aureus isolates by PCR assay detected that 34.78% were positives.

Conclusion: The presence of resistance and virulence genes can affect significantly on the pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics, especially with increasing of antibiotic resistance. Hence, the using of molecular assay in diagnosis of various resistance and virulence genes can support the cure rate.

Microscopic and Molecular Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in diarrheic pet dogs

2024-11-05T06:53:50+00:00

This study was aimed to microscopically and molecularly identification the prevalence rate of Giardia duodenalis in diarrheic pet dogs with evaluation the associated risk factors. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 79 diarrheic dogs, and used to preparation the slide smears stained with Giemsa, and to extraction the DNAs that tested molecularly by the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay through targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Our findings revealed that 2.53% and 29.11% of study dogs were positive to G. duodenalis using the light microscopy and PCR assay, respectively. In relation to risk factors, the positive results by microscopy and molecular assay were distributed significantly among the groups of age and sex factors. Regarding age factor, prevalence rate of G. duodenalis was increased significantly in dogs aged ≤4 months using of microscopy (7.69%) and molecular assay (53.85%) when compared to results of both assay in other age groups; 5-11 months (0% and 18.42%), and ≥12 months (0% and 13.33%). Concerning sex factor, the results of females and males were showed no significant differences between the values of both microscopy (3.45% and 0%), and molecular assay (29.31% and 28.57%). In conclusion, this study confirmed the effectiveness of molecular PCR assay in diagnosis of G. duodenalis infection suggesting that biomolecular methods are of great importance in clinical and epidemiological surveys. In addition, molecular classification tools are important to understand the pathogenesis and host range of Giardia isolates derived from a variety of animals. The significance of Giardia infection in dogs warrants further investigation, particularly with regard to production loss.

Study of Bone Mineral Density and Bone Alkaline Phosphatase in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Postmenopausal Women in Kerbala.

2024-11-20T08:09:41+00:00

Background: The most prevalent metabolic bone disease among postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes is osteoporosis. Even in those with normal or elevated bone mineral density (BMD), type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher fracture incidence than the non-diabetic population. As a result, the pathophysiology of bone fragility brought on by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is significantly influenced by bone quality. A decline in BMD that is below normal reference levels but not low enough to satisfy the diagnostic standards for osteoporosis is referred to as osteopenia. BMD is diagnosed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone scans. An ectoenzyme called bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) is affixed to the outside of osteoblast cell membranes. It enters the bloodstream in part. About 95% of the total ALP (TALP) activity in human serum is made up of liver ALP and BALP.

Aims: The aim is to determine whether diabetic postmenopausal osteoporosis (diabetic PMOP) and non-diabetic postmenopausal osteopenia have any influence on an increased risk of fracture in diabetic patients, the current study compares the studied results of BALP, Total ALP, BMD, body mass index (BMI), and age.

Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in Kerbala medical hospital enrolling 80 subjects, 40 PMOP with T2DM, aged between (51-75) years, and 40 postmenopausal osteopenia without T2DM, aged between (50-74) years. All Patients had been in spontaneous menopause for at least, one year. For each subject we measured BMI, BMD, serum BALP, total ALP and T-scor during November, 2023 to September, 2024. Diabetic patients were collected from Al-Hassan center for Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus and Osteoporosis center at Al- Hassan Medical City, Kerbala Health Directorates, Kerbala/ Iraq. The mean and standard deviation of the parameters of the two groups were computed and compared by unpaired Student^'s T-test. The relationship between variables was measured by Karl Pearson^'s correlation coefficient. A statistical significance is set at a 5% level of significance (P < 0.05).

Result: Age and TALP were significantly higher in diabetic PMOP compared with non-diabetic osteopenia (62.8 ± 6.8 vs. 56.4 ± 7.37 year), (227.43± 61.46 vs. 201.50 ± 41.47 U/L), P<0.05. BMI was non-significant in diabetic PMOP compared with non-diabetic osteopenia (29± 4.72 vs.30.34 ± 4.64 kg/m²) P>0.05. BMD was significantly lower in diabetic PMOP compared with non-diabetic osteopenia (0.72 ± 0.06 vs. 0.86 ± 0.04 g/cm²) P<0.05. BALP was non-significantly higher in diabetic PMOP compared with non-diabetic osteopenia (52.33 ± 11.62 vs. 49.51 ± 7.64 ng/L) P>0.05. BMD of diabetic PMOP and non-diabetic osteopenia showed a non-significant negative correlation with BALP and TALP. T-scor was significantly lower in diabetic PMOP compared with non-diabetic osteopenia (-3.04 ± 0.45 vs. -1.64 ± 0.38) P <0.05.

Conclusions: Type 2 diabetic PMOP have BMD lower than the non-diabetic osteopenia. Low BMI in diabetic PMOP is an indicator for osteoporosis and its related fracture. In diabetic PMOP, T-scor is only predict by high level of BALP and TALP. Low levels of BALP and TALP are the predictors of T-scor in non-diabetic osteopenia.

Physiological Responses of Cotton Plant (Gossypium Hirsutum L.) To Foliar Sprayed Folic and Salicylic Acid under Drought Conditions

2024-12-03T10:29:50+00:00

The current study was conducted from February 2023 to August 2023 at a local farm in the Biology Department, College of Science, University of Zakho in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It aimed to examine the effects of drought and the application of salicylic and folic acid on some physiological parameters of two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars (MAY 505 and MAY 455). For this reason, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to assess the physiological aspects of the cotton plant. Both cotton cultivars were treated with salicylic acid (SA) at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 mM, and folic acid (FA) at 0, 5, and 10 mM, separately and in combination, and subjected to three drought periods as (continuous irrigation (Ci), 10, and 15 days thirst). The results indicated that proline content was the highest in plants treated with (1 mM SA) at (33.75 µg/mg) in MAY 505 and (28.29 µg/mg) in MAY 455 under similar drought conditions. Further, plants sprayed with (5 mM FA) showed the highest chlorophyll content at (46.82 SPAD value) for MAY 505 and (50.77 SPAD value) for MAY 455. The application of (2 mM SA) scored the highest increase in P, K, and Mn, while the applied (10 mM FA) showed the highest increase in N and Cu. Cultivar MAY 505 was shown to be more responsive in addressing drought periods than MAY 455.

Effect of Dystocia on Level of Antioxidants and Interleukins in Iraqi Cows

2024-12-07T08:32:27+00:00

Background: Dystocia is one of the most important and prevalent reproductive disorders which causes considerable economic losses to the cattle industry due to calf morbidity and mortality as well as reducing of cow fertility, milk production, and survival.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the association of dystocia to the level of antioxidants and some anti-inflammatory markers.

Materials and methods: Totally, 90; 45 dystocia and 45 normally delivered, adult cows were selected from different areas in Al-Qadisiyah province. The samples of venous blood were collected and centrifuged to collect the sera that tested by specific-species quantitative ELISA to measurement of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX), lipid peroxidase (MDA) and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-1 and IL-6).

Results: Overall, the dystocia cows were showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in concentrations of CAT (1.529 ± 0.23 ng/ml), GSH-PX (5.422 ± 0.617 ng/ml), SOD (499.611 ± 53.142 pg/ml) and IL-6 (18.367 ± 1.57 pg/ml); while, significant elevation was seen in levels of MDA (222.111 ± 14.579 ng/ml) and IL-1 (114.433 ± 4.779 pg/ml) when compared to values of normally-delivered cows [CAT (4.149 ± 0.136 ng/ml), GSH-PX (14.927 ± 0.306 ng/ml), SOD (1184.056 ± 108.584 pg/ml), IL-6 (42.711 ± 1.631 pg/ml), MDA (53.661 ± 4.165 ng/ml) and IL-1 (36.161 ± 1.272 pg/ml)].

Conclusions: For our knowledge, this represents the first Iraqi study investigate the concentrations of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory markers in cows experiencing dystocia suggesting their importance in reproductive outcomes. However, the role of antioxidants and interleukins in the pathogenesis of dystocia is complex and multifaceted area of research. The continued investigation of the antioxidants and interleukin signaling pathways, their interactions with other factors, and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies hold great promise for improving the management and outcomes of dystocia.

Retracted

2024-12-11T06:12:13+00:00

Retracted

Pathological Effects and Management Protocols of Diabetes Mellitus

2024-12-17T10:03:53+00:00

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which manifested with low insulin production as well as insulin resistance resulting from genetic and environmental factors. It is one of the most rapidly growing diseases globally and poses a primary risk to global health. Over the past 30 years, the world has shown a continuous elevation in incidence of DM; especially in developing countries with the fastest growth in North Africa and the Middle East have the second maximum rate of diabetes. In T1DM, the individual body is no longer making insulin or in enough amount because the immune system has destructed and destroyed the pancreatic beta cells responsible for making the insulin. The exact reason for this pattern of diabetes is unrevealed, and almost all persons who experience this chronic illness do not realize how to manage it. T2DM is one of most prevalent diseases consisting of about 90–95% of all diabetes cases. T2DM is becoming more commonplace because of the excess obesity in the population. T2DM patients are mainly characterized as being overweight or existence of greater amount of body fats that mostly found in abdomen, at which situation, several inflammatory mechanisms, fatty substance elevates insulin resistance, for instance, free fatty acids delivered with adipocyte disorganizing. Primary driver for epidemically prevalence of T2DM is a worldwide elevation in obesity, style way of living, high-calorie food, and ageing of individuals. Interactions between risk factors and genetic inheritance are complicated to cause T2DM, such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle, hypo insulin secretion, increased lipolysis, and increased reabsorption of glucose from the kidney, and dysregulated glucose uptake, neurotransmitter imbalance, and increased production of liver glucose. Achieving good metabolic control and long-term maintenance of diabetes requires a combination of lifestyle changes and medications are necessary to achieving near-normal hemoglobin glycosides significantly and risk of macrovascular and microvascular problems will decrease

Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intensive care unit patients in Wasit province, Iraq

2025-01-06T06:28:34+00:00

Background: This study examines the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients in critical care units in Wasit Province, Iraq, with a focus on methicillin-resistant strains.

Material and Methods: For this study, 125 clinical specimens from patients in the critical care unit were collected between September 2023 and January 2024. The isolates were first identified by culture, microscopic examination, and biochemical testing.

Results: According to the biochemical data, 24 out of 30 S. aureus isolates had an 80% MRSA designation. Urine samples had the highest prevalence of S. aureus (50%), followed by skin abscesses (37.5%) and sputum (12.5%). According to antibiotic susceptibility testing, all MRSA isolates showed resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin, while sensitivity was highest for rifampicin (91.7%), clindamycin (80%), and trimethoprim (75%).

Conclusion: These findings highlight the critical necessity for efficient infection control protocols and antibiotic management in ICU environments to address the escalating threat of MRSA. Continuous surveillance is crucial for monitoring the dissemination of resistant strains and guiding treatment approaches. This study provides significant data regarding MRSA epidemiology in Iraq, emphasizing the crucial public health ramifications of antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings.

Thyroid Gland Dysfunction and the Accompanying Mental Changes

2025-01-06T06:50:23+00:00

Background: Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with various mental health disorders, primarily due to the interplay between thyroid hormones and brain function. This study aimed to investigate the potential connection between hypothyroidism and its psychological impact, particularly focusing on anxiety and depression.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychological impact of hypothyroidism. One hundred and nine (76 female & 33 male) patients were included in this study. Participants were recruited from Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk city and various other laboratory settings. The patients were further classified into two groups according to receiving hormonal therapy (before and after treatment). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) & Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) used for psychological assessment

Results: Across different TSH categories, there were no significant differences in (HAM-D & HADS) anxiety & depression scales for both male and female hypothyroid patients; also, the HADS score of anxiety and depression shows no significant difference in patients before and after treatment. But HAM-D Scale scores were significantly higher in hypothyroid untreated patients in comparison to euthyroid treated patients.

Conclusion: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are common mental health disorders associated with hypothyroidism. Our study did not find a significant link between TSH regulation and psychological outcomes, but the treatment lowers the severity of mental symptoms. It highlights the complexity of mental health in hypothyroid patients.

Emergence of lmonellaenterica subspecies enterica serovar in Iraqi broiler chiken farmsand humans

2025-01-17T11:15:47+00:00

Background: worldwide, many domestic and wild animals can serve as a reservoir and harboring various pathogens in their gastrointestinal tracts without exhibiting the signs of illness.

Aim:Isolation and molecular confimation of S. entericasubsp. entericain the fecal samples of broiler chicken farms and humans withphylogenetic analysis of some study isolates.

Materials and methods: Totally, 100 fecal samples were collected for the current study including 50 samples obtained from the broiler chicken farms located at different areas inAl-Qadisiyah province, and 50 stools from humans. Initially, all fecal samples were subjected to traditional isolation and biochemical identification of Salmonella sp.; and then, the positive isolates were subjected to molecular confirmation of S.entericaby the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, four molecularly positive isolates were selected randomly and sequenced to be submitted in the NCBI-GenBank and examined phylogenetically.

Results: Traditional culture and biochemical testing of totally 100 fecal samples revealed that 32% samples were positive, which comprises 30% of broiler chicken and 34% of human fecal samples. Targeting the 16S rRNA gene, the results of PCR assay detected that an overall prevalence rate of S.entericaamong 32 positive isolates was68.75% which identified in 66.67% of broiler chickens and 70.59% of human fecal samples. The sequence data of the 4 study isolates were submitted, named and get specific access numbers in the NCBI-GenBank database as SE-1 (OR563806.1), SE-2 (OR563807.1), SE-3 (OR563808.1), and SE-4 (OR563809.1). Then, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree analysis and homology sequence identity revealed that three of local study isolates (SE-1, SE-3 and SE-4) were identical to the S. entericasubsp. enterica Chinese (JF951183.1) and Iraqi (KP420235.1) isolates at a level of similarity ranged from 99.87% to 99.99% and a level of mutation ranged from 0.0001% to 0.0006%; while, the local study isolate SE-2 was identical to the S. entericaIranian (EU118116.1) isolate at 98.5% level of similarity and 0.0007 level of mutation.

Conclusion:This study revealed the high prevalence of S.enterica subsp. enterica in both chicken farms and humans indicating that control of infections remains a significant challenge as the pathogen demonstrated remarkable ability to adapt and persist in various environments. Therefore, this study suggests that improved biosecurity measures, enhanced food safety practices, and the judicious use of antimicrobials in animal production are all crucial components of a multifacted approach to mitigate the prevalence and impact of S. enterica.

Molecular study of pneumonia infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniaefrom Kut City

2025-01-17T11:20:14+00:00

To investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Klebsiellapneumoniae causing pneumonia in Kut City, Iraq. Sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and blood samples were collected from 50 patients with pneumonia. Samples were cultured on selective media, and K. pneumoniae was identified using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.The Resultsshowed that 12 out of 50 (24%) patients were positive for K. pneumoniae. A higher prevalence was observed in the city (30%) compared to the village (15%). A male-to-female ratio of 2:1 was observed among positive cases. High resistance rates were observed to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems (100% resistance). Lower resistance was found for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (83.33%). The study highlights the significant public health threat posed by multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae and in the city compared to the village suggests an association with population density and environmental factors. The gender disparity in infection rates requires further investigation. The study confirms a substantial prevalence of antibiotic-resistant K.pneumoniae in Kut City, emphasizing the need for enhanced infection control, surveillance, and development of new therapeutic strategies to combat this growing threat. Further research is needed to clarify the observed urban-rural and gender differences in infection rates. The study recommends using whole-genome sequencing for more accurate species identification in future studies

Retracted

2025-01-17T11:24:08+00:00

Retracted

Serological Detection of Neospora caninum in One-Humped Camels of Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq

2025-01-27T07:11:48+00:00

Background: Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of major concern in the veterinary community due to its significant impact on the health and productivity of livestock.

Aims: The current study insights the first serological detection of N. caninum in camels of Al-Qadisiyah province using of indirect ELISA, with estimation the severity of infection and the association of infection to some animal risk factors (age and sex).

Materials and methods: Totally, 184 dromedary camels of different ages and sexes were selected from various areas in Al-Qadisiyah province (Iraq) during April to July (2024), and subjected to sampling of venous blood. After centrifugation, the obtained sera were tested qualitatively using of ELISA.

Results: Totally, 17.93% of study camels were shown a positive reactivity to anti-N. caninum antibody. Regarding severity of infection, significant variation was recorded in numerical and quantitative distribution of positive infections. Numerically, significant increases (p≤0.0247) were shown in mild infection (57.58%) while significant reduction was seen in severe infection (15.15%) when compared to moderate infection (27.27%). Based on the quantity of ODs in positive samples, the findings of mild, moderate and severe infections were 0.282 ± 0.006, 0.407 ± 0.006, and 0.555 ± 0.018, respectively. Concerning the risk factors, the findings of age groups detected that significant highest values of seropositive neosporosis were seen in groups of <1 year (21.43%) and 1-<4 years old (20.25%); while, the lowest value was observed in a camel group of 4-<8 years (13.79%). However, no positive camels (0%) to N. caninum infection were identified in a group of ³ 8 years old. In addition, the findings of Odds Ratio and Relative Risk were increased significantly in <1 year (1.341 and 1.268, respectively) and 1-<4 years (1.316 and 1.254, respectively); while, the lowest was detected in camel groups of 4-<8 years (0.645 and 0.695, respectively) and ³ 8 years (0 and 0, respectively). The association of sex factor to seropositive values identified that the prevalence rate of N. caninum infection is differed insignificantly (p≤0.0998) between female camels (18.01%) and males (17.39%). However, the results of Odds Ratio and Relative Risk reported that the female camels were significantly at higher risk of N. caninum infection (1.044 and 1.350, respectively) than males (0.958 and 0.966, respectively).

Conclusion: This study confirms the occurrence of N. caninum in camels of Al-Qadisiyah province (Iraq). However, little attention toward N. caninum infection suggesting the greater importance of furthermore of serological and / or molecular studies for understanding the epidemiology and possible implication of parasite in health status of different animals, and the role of camels in transmission of infection to other domestic animals.